In biomedical image analysis, the applicability of deep learning methods is directly impacted by the quantity of image data available. This is due to deep learning models requiring large image datasets to provide high-level performance. Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have been widely utilized to address data limitations through the generation of synthetic biomedical images. GANs consist of two models. The generator, a model that learns how to produce synthetic images based on the feedback it receives. The discriminator, a model that classifies an image as synthetic or real and provides feedback to the generator. Throughout the training process, a GAN can experience several technical challenges that impede the generation of suitable synthetic imagery. First, the mode collapse problem whereby the generator either produces an identical image or produces a uniform image from distinct input features. Second, the non-convergence problem whereby the gradient descent optimizer fails to reach a Nash equilibrium. Thirdly, the vanishing gradient problem whereby unstable training behavior occurs due to the discriminator achieving optimal classification performance resulting in no meaningful feedback being provided to the generator. These problems result in the production of synthetic imagery that is blurry, unrealistic, and less diverse. To date, there has been no survey article outlining the impact of these technical challenges in the context of the biomedical imagery domain. This work presents a review and taxonomy based on solutions to the training problems of GANs in the biomedical imaging domain. This survey highlights important challenges and outlines future research directions about the training of GANs in the domain of biomedical imagery.

医疗图像分割有助于计算机辅助诊断，手术和治疗。数字化组织载玻片图像用于分析和分段腺，核和其他生物标志物，这些标志物进一步用于计算机辅助医疗应用中。为此，许多研究人员开发了不同的神经网络来对组织学图像进行分割，主要是这些网络基于编码器编码器体系结构，并且还利用了复杂的注意力模块或变压器。但是，这些网络不太准确地捕获相关的本地和全局特征，并在多个尺度下具有准确的边界检测，因此，我们提出了一个编码器折叠网络，快速注意模块和多损耗函数（二进制交叉熵（BCE）损失的组合） ，焦点损失和骰子损失）。我们在两个公开可用数据集上评估了我们提出的网络的概括能力，用于医疗图像分割Monuseg和Glas，并胜过最先进的网络，在Monuseg数据集上提高了1.99％的提高，而GLAS数据集则提高了7.15％。实施代码可在此链接上获得：https：//bit.ly/histoseg

近年来，人们对建立面孔和名人声音之间的关联的兴趣越来越大，从而利用YouTube的视听信息。先前的工作采用公制学习方法来学习适合关联匹配和验证任务的嵌入式空间。尽管显示出一些进展，但由于依赖距离依赖的边缘参数，运行时训练的复杂性差以及对精心制作的负面采矿程序的依赖，这种制剂是限制性的。在这项工作中，我们假设一个丰富的表示形式以及有效但有效的监督对于实现面部voice关联任务的歧视性关节嵌入空间很重要。为此，我们提出了一种轻巧的插件机制，该机制利用这两种方式中的互补线索以通过正交性约束来根据其身份标签形成丰富的融合杂物并将其簇形成。我们将我们提出的机制作为融合和正交投影（FOP）创造，并在两个流网络中实例化。在Voxceleb1和Mav-Celeb数据集上评估了总体结果框架，其中包括许多任务，包括跨模式验证和匹配。结果表明，我们的方法对当前的最新方法有利，而我们提出的监督表述比当代方法所采用的方法更有效。此外，我们还利用跨模式验证和匹配任务来分析多种语言对面部声音协会的影响。代码可用：\ url {https://github.com/msaadsaeed/fop}

与汽车和其他公路车辆相比，公共汽车和重型车辆由于其尺寸较大而具有更多的盲点。因此，这些重型车辆造成的事故更具致命性，并给其他道路使用者造成严重伤害。这些可能的盲点碰撞可以使用基于视觉的对象检测方法来尽早确定。然而，现有的基于最新视觉的对象检测模型在很大程度上依赖于单个功能描述符来做出决策。在这项研究中，提出了基于高级功能描述符的两个卷积神经网络（CNN）的设计，并提出了它们与更快的R-CNN的集成，以检测重型车辆的盲点碰撞。此外，提出了一种融合方法，以整合两个预训练的网络（即Resnet 50和Resnet 101），用于提取高水平的特征以进行盲点车辆检测。功能的融合显着提高了更快的R-CNN的性能，并优于现有的最新方法。两种方法均在公共汽车的自我录制的盲点车辆检测数据集和用于车辆检测的在线LISA数据集上进行了验证。对于两种提出的方​​法，对于自记录的数据集，可获得3.05％和3.49％的虚假检测率（FDR），使这些方法适用于实时应用。

快速准确地检测该疾病可以大大帮助减少任何国家医疗机构对任何大流行期间死亡率降低死亡率的压力。这项工作的目的是使用新型的机器学习框架创建多模式系统，该框架同时使用胸部X射线（CXR）图像和临床数据来预测COVID-19患者的严重程度。此外，该研究还提出了一种基于nom图的评分技术，用于预测高危患者死亡的可能性。这项研究使用了25种生物标志物和CXR图像，以预测意大利第一波Covid-19（3月至6月2020年3月至6月）在930名Covid-19患者中的风险。提出的多模式堆叠技术分别产生了89.03％，90.44％和89.03％的精度，灵敏度和F1分数，以识别低风险或高危患者。与CXR图像或临床数据相比，这种多模式方法可提高准确性6％。最后，使用多元逻辑回归的列线图评分系统 - 用于对第一阶段确定的高风险患者的死亡风险进行分层。使用随机森林特征选择模型将乳酸脱氢酶（LDH），O2百分比，白细胞（WBC）计数，年龄和C反应蛋白（CRP）鉴定为有用的预测指标。开发了五个预测因素参数和基于CXR图像的列函数评分，以量化死亡的概率并将其分为两个风险组：分别存活（<50％）和死亡（> = 50％）。多模式技术能够预测F1评分为92.88％的高危患者的死亡概率。开发和验证队列曲线下的面积分别为0.981和0.939。

我们研究了脸部和声音之间学习协会的问题，这是最近对计算机视觉界的兴趣。现有作品采用成对或三重态损耗配方，以学习适用于相关匹配和验证任务的嵌入空间。尽管展示了一些进展，但这种损失配方由于依赖差距利润率参数，运行时训练复杂性差，以及依赖于仔细制作的负挖掘程序而受到限制。在这项工作中，我们假设具有有效且有效的监督耦合的富集的特征表示是实现改进的面部语音关联的鉴别性关节嵌入空间。为此，我们提出了一种轻量级，即插即用机制，可利用两种方式的互补线程来形成丰富的融合嵌入并通过正交限制基于其身份标签进行群集。我们将我们提出的机制硬币作为融合和正交投影（FOP），并在两条流管道中实例化。在具有多种任务的大规模VOXECEB数据集上评估总体产生的框架，包括跨模型验证和匹配。结果表明，我们的方法对目前的最先进的方法进行了有利，我们拟议的监督制定比当代方法所采用的制定更有效和效率。

The recent increase in public and academic interest in preserving biodiversity has led to the growth of the field of conservation technology. This field involves designing and constructing tools that utilize technology to aid in the conservation of wildlife. In this article, we will use case studies to demonstrate the importance of designing conservation tools with human-wildlife interaction in mind and provide a framework for creating successful tools. These case studies include a range of complexities, from simple cat collars to machine learning and game theory methodologies. Our goal is to introduce and inform current and future researchers in the field of conservation technology and provide references for educating the next generation of conservation technologists. Conservation technology not only has the potential to benefit biodiversity but also has broader impacts on fields such as sustainability and environmental protection. By using innovative technologies to address conservation challenges, we can find more effective and efficient solutions to protect and preserve our planet's resources.

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is considered one of the primary concerns due to its effect on vision loss among most people with diabetes globally. The severity of DR is mostly comprehended manually by ophthalmologists from fundus photography-based retina images. This paper deals with an automated understanding of the severity stages of DR. In the literature, researchers have focused on this automation using traditional machine learning-based algorithms and convolutional architectures. However, the past works hardly focused on essential parts of the retinal image to improve the model performance. In this paper, we adopt transformer-based learning models to capture the crucial features of retinal images to understand DR severity better. We work with ensembling image transformers, where we adopt four models, namely ViT (Vision Transformer), BEiT (Bidirectional Encoder representation for image Transformer), CaiT (Class-Attention in Image Transformers), and DeiT (Data efficient image Transformers), to infer the degree of DR severity from fundus photographs. For experiments, we used the publicly available APTOS-2019 blindness detection dataset, where the performances of the transformer-based models were quite encouraging.

This paper presents our solutions for the MediaEval 2022 task on DisasterMM. The task is composed of two subtasks, namely (i) Relevance Classification of Twitter Posts (RCTP), and (ii) Location Extraction from Twitter Texts (LETT). The RCTP subtask aims at differentiating flood-related and non-relevant social posts while LETT is a Named Entity Recognition (NER) task and aims at the extraction of location information from the text. For RCTP, we proposed four different solutions based on BERT, RoBERTa, Distil BERT, and ALBERT obtaining an F1-score of 0.7934, 0.7970, 0.7613, and 0.7924, respectively. For LETT, we used three models namely BERT, RoBERTa, and Distil BERTA obtaining an F1-score of 0.6256, 0.6744, and 0.6723, respectively.

Objective: Despite numerous studies proposed for audio restoration in the literature, most of them focus on an isolated restoration problem such as denoising or dereverberation, ignoring other artifacts. Moreover, assuming a noisy or reverberant environment with limited number of fixed signal-to-distortion ratio (SDR) levels is a common practice. However, real-world audio is often corrupted by a blend of artifacts such as reverberation, sensor noise, and background audio mixture with varying types, severities, and duration. In this study, we propose a novel approach for blind restoration of real-world audio signals by Operational Generative Adversarial Networks (Op-GANs) with temporal and spectral objective metrics to enhance the quality of restored audio signal regardless of the type and severity of each artifact corrupting it. Methods: 1D Operational-GANs are used with generative neuron model optimized for blind restoration of any corrupted audio signal. Results: The proposed approach has been evaluated extensively over the benchmark TIMIT-RAR (speech) and GTZAN-RAR (non-speech) datasets corrupted with a random blend of artifacts each with a random severity to mimic real-world audio signals. Average SDR improvements of over 7.2 dB and 4.9 dB are achieved, respectively, which are substantial when compared with the baseline methods. Significance: This is a pioneer study in blind audio restoration with the unique capability of direct (time-domain) restoration of real-world audio whilst achieving an unprecedented level of performance for a wide SDR range and artifact types. Conclusion: 1D Op-GANs can achieve robust and computationally effective real-world audio restoration with significantly improved performance. The source codes and the generated real-world audio datasets are shared publicly with the research community in a dedicated GitHub repository1.